英国好玩的,历史上一共41位国王,公认的昏君只有一个,而明君辈出,既没有说要立嫡,也没说非要男人才能当国王,即便被称为女巫的玛丽在政绩上也可圈可点。
与此同时,和我们这片土地不同,英国这片土地上,贵族每次不满国王的统治后,一路联合打到伦敦,然后逼迫国王签字盖章后就撤了,英王后面不遵守协定,就再来一轮,然后大宪章上追加一些条例。我们这刚开始的都被砍了,然后剩下的相互砍,都觊觎这那个掌管生杀予夺的至高无上的权利。
为什么中国的士大夫也就是贵族,在王权面前几千年都无所作为呢?
个人对西方历史没有读那么多书。
不过你的第一段内容里概念不少错误,逻辑混乱。
比如社会科学和科学其实不太一样。社会科学是在人类社会以及文化层面对于人类行为的研究。即使人类最终要遵循进化论的逻辑,但是跟自然科学还是有些不同,人类可以更好地认识自然,学习自然规律去更好地发展。但是运用古代历史经验特别是中国古代历史经验去推导/预测未来大概率会出问题,因为中国古代对于科学/理性的认识水平较低,而现在随着对科学认识的提升,理性水平提高了很多,意味着科学这个变量可能很大程度上会改变历史经验的总结/归纳。
在西方的定义里,多数历史学家是把历史学归类为人文学科而不是社会科学学科。即使有些高校把一些历史研究项目放到社会科学下面。
贴几段英文:
social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with 网页链接{human behaviour} in its social and cultural aspects. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, 网页链接{political science}, and economics. The discipline of historiography is regarded by many as a social science, and certain areas of historical study are almost indistinguishable from work done in the social sciences. Most historians, however, consider history as one of the humanities. In the 网页链接{United States}, focused programs, such as African-American Studies, Latinx Studies, Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, are, as a rule, also included among the social sciences, as are often Latin American Studies and Middle Eastern Studies, while, for instance, French, German, or Italian Studies are commonly associated with humanities. In the past, Sovietology was always considered a social science discipline, in contrast to Russian Studies.
Beginning in the 1950s, the term 网页链接{behavioral sciences} was often applied to the disciplines designated as the social sciences. Those who favoured this term did so in part because these disciplines were thus brought closer to some of the sciences, such as 网页链接{physical anthropology} and 网页链接{physiological psychology}, which also deal with human behaviour.
Strictly speaking, the social sciences, as distinct and recognized academic disciplines, emerged only on the cusp of the 20th century. But one must go back farther in time for the origins of some of their fundamental ideas and objectives. In the largest sense, the origins go all the way back to the 网页链接{ancient Greeks} and their rationalist inquiries into 网页链接{human nature}, the state, and morality. The heritage of both Greece and Rome is a powerful one in the history of social thought, as it is in other areas of Western society. Very probably, apart from the initial Greek determination to study all things in the spirit of dispassionate and rational inquiry, there would be no social sciences today. True, there have been long periods of time, as during the Western 网页链接{Middle Ages}, when the Greek rationalist temper was lacking. But the recovery of this temper, through texts of the great classical philosophers, is the very essence of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in modern European history. With the Enlightenment, in the 17th and 18th centuries, one may begin.
枪杆子里面出政权,谁强谁有理。不需要道德、良心、法律,世界还是丛林世界,没有文明可言,这就是作者的意思吗?
转:
“西方国家的历史,是和其他国家一样的,西方国家的制度,完全是内斗胜利的结果,而事实上那些不曾参与斗争的阶级,都不曾获得权力,权力是对胜利者的奖赏,它不会授予其他人。而即使是本国实现了民主平等,他们依旧对殖民地人民进行残酷的剥削,正如杰斐逊所说,一群暴君比一个暴君更坏。所以,西方国家对殖民地的滔天罪行是无法掩饰的,是真正的历史事实。殖民地的独立,是殖民地人民进行反抗的结果。......
世界各地的人性是完全相同的,西方社会的民主自由平等,并非是某个人的理念特别先进的结果,而是各阶级进行博弈的结果。即使是在这种社会下,如果不进行博弈,那么依旧会处于被剥削压迫的地位,譬如十八世纪时英国的穷人和殖民地人民。国外的这种制度与其说是人民的思想觉悟高,不如说是武力下的恐怖平衡,这与核武器之下强国之间的的战争减少了是类似的。美国宪法坚持的自由持枪权,正是这种理念的反应。拥有武器带来的报复能力,是个人唯一能够仰仗的。敢于斗争,并且时不时秀秀肌肉,是西方制度得以维持的根本原因。我们时常会注意到,最近几年,法国的罢工和游行,时常打得头破血流,但是法国人民从来没有害怕退缩过。而美国疫情期间经常出现的抗议,甚至是持枪示威,这种方式正是美国制度得以维持的原因。”
关于英法这个差异其实不同的人有不同看法。之前读过英国玫瑰战争,观感有些相反。早期英国的王权比法国要强大的多。只不过在后来一系列战争中,需要借债和收税,才把权力一点一点让渡出去的。法国王权形成的晚的多,而且法国国王特别羡慕英王的强大权力。但是由于形成的晚,而且对于一团散沙的教训太深刻,所以也就在加强王权中走得比较远。当然,法国大革命也很快消解了国王的权威。只不过贵族死得太多,所以反省的人比较多,著名的去托克维尔等等。